Human Capital, Work Culture, and Job Satisfaction Scales for Higher Education Institutions: A Bibliometric and Literature Review with Scale Development and Validation toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Keywords:
Bibliometric review, Higher education, Human capital, Job satisfaction, Scale development, Work cultureAbstract
This study developed and validated human capital, work
culture, and job satisfaction scales for higher education
institutions in support of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). A bibliometric and literature review was used to
identify key constructs related to human resource
development, organizational culture, and employee well
being in higher education. The scale development process
followed an adapted model through pre-development,
development, and post-development stages. The
instruments were tested with 42 lecturers and educational
staff working at an Indonesian university in Indonesia. Item
validity and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability analyses showed
that human capital, work culture, and job satisfaction items
met acceptable psychometric standards. These findings
indicate that validated instruments are needed to assess
institutional human resources systematically. The scales can
support data-driven institutional human resource
development.
References
Aboramadan, M., and Dahleez, K. A. (2020). Leadership styles and employees’ work outcomes
in nonprofit organizations: The role of work engagement. Journal of Management
Development, 39(7), 869-893.
Abraham, K. G., and Justine, M. (2022). Measuring human capital. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 36(3), 103-130.
Al-Husseini, S. (2023). Intellectual capital dimensions and employee performance: The
mediating role of organizational learning. Cogent Business and Management, 10(3), 1-22.
Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., and Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating
content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214-221.
Arfandi, A., Purnamawati, P., and Nurfaedah, N. (2020). The development of a Thurstone scale
for identifying teacher ability in using information and communication technology. Journal
of Physics: Conference Series, 1456, 012038.
Awwalina, D. P., Dawana, I. R., Dwikoranto, D., and Rizki, I. A. (2025). Effectivity of STEAM
education in physics learning and impact to support SDGs. Journal of Current Studies in
SDGs, 1(1), 1-19.
Bagdasarian, I. S., Stupina, A. A., Goryacheva, O. E., and Shmeleva, Z. N. (2020). The university
digital transformation as a tool for human capital development. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series, 1691(1), 012184.
Emilio, I. B. P., Zhdanovich, O. A., and Glushchenko, V. V. (2026). Enhancing research efficiency
in advanced engineering schools through customization and community-oriented
innovation. ASEAN Journal of Community Service and Education, 5(1), 33-40.
Eyupoglu, Z., Jabbarova, K., and Saner, T. (2017). Job satisfaction: An evaluation using a fuzzy
approach. Procedia Computer Science, 120, 691-698.
Făt, S. (2015). Classroom culture of performance. Cross-Cultural Management Journal, 17(2),
-122.
Fenwick, T., and Bierema, L. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Issues for human resource
development professionals. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(1), 24
Golovina, S., Smirnova, L., and Ruchkin, A. (2021). Education is an important factor of human
capital development in rural territories. E3S Web of Conferences, 282, 08006.
Jerzak, K. (2015). The essence of human capital in a building company. Procedia Engineering,
, 95-103.
Kim, N. (2012). Toward the use of human resource development for societal development:
Issues, challenges, and opportunities. Human Resource Development Review, 14(3), 345
Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., and Maharani, H. R. (2022). Number of response options,
reliability, validity, and potential bias in the use of the Likert scale education and social
science research: A literature review. International Journal of Educational Methodology,
(4), 625-637.
Lentjushenkova, O. (2021). Human capital development at higher education institutions.
Economics and Culture, 18(2), 5-14.
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods,
(3), 412-433.
Muktamar, B. A., Kardini, N. L., Elshifa, A., Adiawaty, S., and Wijayanti, T. C. (2023). The role
of quality human resources in developing missions of future universities in Indonesian
higher education. Munaddhomah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 4(1), 49-59.
Nwachukwu, G. O. (2024). Human capital development: A driver for educational
improvement in Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 12(6), 30-39.
Resbiantoro, G., and Widodo, W. (2026). Product design worksheets as procedural scaffolding
in the ScaPro-PjBL model for strengthening pre-service physics teachers’ TPaCK toward
SDG 4. Journal of Current Studies in SDGs, 2(2), 228-228.
Rohmah, N. L., Jatmiko, B., and Wijaksono, C. F. (2025). Application of STEAM learning to
enhance students’ critical thinking skills. Journal of Current Studies in SDGs, 1(3), 77-77.
Sabuharia, R., Sudiro, A., Irawanto, D. W., and Rahayu, M. (2020). The effects of human
resource flexibility, employee competency, organizational culture adaptation and job
satisfaction on employee performance. Management Science Letters, 10(8), 1777-1786.
Schrepp, M. (2020). On the usage of Cronbach’s alpha to measure reliability of UX scales.
Journal of Usability Studies, 15(4), 247-258.
Sodirjonov, M. M. (2020). Education as the most important factor of human capital
development. Theoretical and Applied Science, 84(4), 901-905.
Solehuddin, M., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Muktiarni, M., Rahayu, N. I., Al Husaeni, D. N., Ragadhita,
R., and Fiandini, M. (2025). Engineering research and scientific contributions at Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia: Trends, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology, 20(3), 816-836.
Stone, D. L., and Deadrick, D. L. (2015). Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of
human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 25(2), 139-145.
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research
instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296.
Tan, B. S. (2019). In search of the link between organizational culture and performance: A
review from the conclusion validity perspective. Leadership and Organization
Development Journal, 40(3), 356-368.
Tanujaya, B., Prahmana, R. C. I., and Mumu, J. (2022). Likert scale in social sciences research:
Problems and difficulties. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 16(4), 89-101.
Tran, N. P., and Vo, D. H. (2020). Human capital efficiency and firm performance across sectors
in an emerging market. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1-15.
Wahyuli, R. A., Haning, M. T., and Lambali, S. (2024). Human resources capacity development
at the Jeneponto Regency Community and Village Empowerment Office. Legal Brief, 13(1),
-231.
Zhao, C., Cooke, F. L., and Wang, Z. (2021). Human resource management in China: What are
the key issues confronting organizations and how can research help? Asia Pacific Journal
of Human Resources, 59(3), 357-373.
