Energy-Harvesting Materials for Autonomous Smart Farming Sensors: A Literature Review
Keywords:
Autonomous Sensors, Biocompatibility, Energy Harvesting, Organic Photovoltaics, Smart Farming, Triboelectric NanogeneratorsAbstract
The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart
farming is hindered by limited battery life and the
environmental impact of electronic waste. This review
evaluates the development of energy-harvesting materials as
a solution to power autonomous agricultural sensors.
Through a systematic review, this paper analyzes three main
mechanisms: Organic Photovoltaic (OPV), triboelectric
nanogenerator/piezoelectric nanogenerator (TENG/PENG),
and thermoelectric generator (TEG). Flexible polymers for
TENGs and perovskite-based solar cells have the highest
potential in addressing canopy shading and outdoor weather
challenges. However, material toxicity and degradation due
to UV and humidity remain major obstacles. Future research
must prioritize biocompatible materials and hybrid systems
to ensure the sustainability of precision agriculture.
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